Initial comparison of descriptive statistics for all clinical variables was performed using either analysis of variance or chi-squared tests, depending on whether the variables were quantitative or categorical. To allow comparison among studies, the ARCS scores were then standardized (to Z scores) using the mean and SD of the normal population reported by Schofield et al. 21 Bivariate linear correlation analysis of standardized ARCS scores was performed using Pearson’s (r) coefficient tests. Because moderate outliers were observed for some of the cognitive variables, we performed a secondary check of the Pearson’s correlation analyses by using Spearman’s (rho) tests, which are robust to outlier effects. These tests yielded results showing consistent strength and significance for all bivariate tests, thus adding confidence that the Pearson’s (r) results were not affected by outliers. For each regression model, we entered each of the mental health measures as the main effect factors so as to approximate the relative contribution of each mental health factor on cognitive function while accounting for the others. Tests for normality of outcome variables were performed using Q-Q plots and Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit tests. These tests showed some modest deviations from normality for language and visual domains, but these were not deemed substantial enough to warrant transformation. e., sex, age at initial assessment, age at diagnosis, disease duration, EDSS, treatment type, MS subtype, annual relapse rate, other mental health medications, and education level. To account for multicolinearity, and so as not to overburden each regression model with too many uninformative parameters, we chose to include all main effect factors and covariates in a step-wise fashion using an algorithm that only retained covariates if they contributed to the overall regression model (p<0.05). In an effort to discern the relative association of the three mood indices from each other, and in relation to the other clinical covariates, we partitioned our regression models to include forced entry of each mood index separately, with all other clinical covariates entered in a step-wise fashion, and forced entry of all three mood indices combined, with all other clinical covariates entered in a step-wise fashion. Because we tested six different hypotheses (i.e., six cognitive function outcomes), we used the Bonferroni correction method to adjust the significance level to 0.008 (i.e., 0.05/6). In addition, we retained results at the “suggestive” level of 0.05 to provide an indication of association trends.
Performance
The descriptive characteristics for the MS subtypes are given in Table 1. Seventy-nine % of one’s cohort have been categorized because the relapsing remitting (RRMS), 14% was in fact additional modern (SPMS), and you will 7% priS) MS. Patients receiving MS-specific immunomodulatory service have been mostly RRMS people and had been searching interferon beta (N=89), glatiramer acetate (N=42), natalizumab (N=25), fingolimod (N=9), dimethyl fumarate (N=4), if any MS immunomodulatory treatment (N=153) during the time of creating the study examination. SPMS clients have been older, had an extended duration of state, and had a high EDSS level than simply the RRMS competitors at the the amount of time of your examination. With the severity grading conditions each mood index into DASS, twenty-four the severity of mental attacks was analyzed. Within MS cohort, 12% out-of patients said severe otherwise very serious stress, which have fourteen% scoring reasonable degrees of nervousness (Shape step 1). Thirty-1 percent had been being treated that have a great serotonin reuptake substance at the committed of starting intellectual testing. According to the concept of cognitive impairment (look for more than), adam4adam 34% of our own MS cohort was in fact cognitively dysfunctional.
I and additionally included a great amount of potentially very important covariates in for each and every of your own regression designs, we
Contour step one. Shipping regarding Feeling Indices regarding the Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Cohort Demonstrating Proportions of Customers at each and every Number of Seriousness a beneficial
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